Wednesday, 30 November 2011

Syllabus of Grade XI

Hey friends! Today we will make you aware with all those math topics which you actually need to care of in XI standard. Everyone knows the importance of 12th grade because that is the actual stage for which students are being prepared from long while. And so on the importance of XIth standard raise automatically because this is the last platform to being a fluent free math problem solver. Math of 12th grade includes various optimized applications which are further being included in higher studies and XIth standard is the stage where students learn final level concepts of several math branches which are used as tool to solve complex math application problems of grade 12.

Let's start with the major categorization of XI grade math, all the math problems are divided into 9 units which are as
Number System, Algebra 1"> Algebra 1, Algebra XI, Pre Calculus, Calculus, Statistics, Geometry, Trigonometry and Advanced Trigonometry. You can also play statistics worksheets online.
As it gets clear that every math branch is included in this vast Grade XI syllabus and important thing is that every branch having both initial level and higher level problems to work on.
Firstly start with Number system, this unit is no longer newer for students because they are dealing with it since their earlier classes. This time students have to solve various number systems, queries related to Estimating and rounding while using arithmetic operations in parallel.

Now its time to move towards second unit of XI standard which is Algebra I. In general, Algebra covers a major part of Grade XI syllabus because Algebra problems are categorized in 3 units as Algebra I, Algebra ii and linear algebra. As the standard syllabus concerns, these 3 units are not put in continuous manner because where Algebra I includes initial level algebra problems at the same time Algebra ii have much higher complex algebraic queries and linear algebra is an unit where students has to evaluate number of equations in parallel. Let us take every algebra unit individually and see what actually they are having to serve in front of students. Starting with Algebra I, it includes 14 major topics as Linear equations/inequalities, Monomials and polynomials, Factoring second and third degree polynomials, Rational expressions/functions, Quadratic equations, Quadratic functions, Exponents, factors, variation, exponential growth/decay, Hypothesis, counter examples, Correlation for data, Patterns, relations, functions, Changing parameters of given functions, Graphs, matrices, sequences, series, recursive relations, Radical equations/inequalities and Limits and infinity. In above topics inequalities problems with limits and matrices problems are newer terms for students. Matrix is a kind of mathematical application which is used to solve complex queries in their optimized way. In this unit students learn general arithmetic operations implementation on matrices, which is required because matrices individually cover a major part of 12 grade syllabus.

Algebra ii content looks much heavier than Algebra I, but the fact is that this unit also follows some topics which are already being introduced in algebra 1 unit. These problems only gets distinct with their complexity level. Algebra ii have some standard theorems and functions which are merely required to solve particular type of math queries like Binomial theorem and conic sections. Valuable region of this unit is covered by Graphing problems which include the elements determination required to graph any algebraic equation like Slope calculation and inverse function for Ellipse, Parabola and Hyperbola. Other topics of Algebra ii are as System of Linear equations, laws of Algorithms, Types of Series and Estimation of Solutions.

That’s all what students are going to start up in their Grade XI math problems. To be continuing with Algebra region in this syllabus let us talk about Linear Algebra session of it. This part of Algebra is almost a scheduled portion of 12th grade syllabus which includes evaluation of system of linear equation by using Matrix properties. Most important thing is that students will learn the use of standard ways like Gauss – Jordan and Gaussian elimination to solve system of equations. In linear algebra section students get aware of Matrix important functionality like Row reduction methods ( Cramer's rule) and its practical use for solving complex system of equations. Apart from these, Linear Algebra also includes some vector related problems like vector addition and Scalar product.

So now we are in middle of Grade XI math syllabus where students are introduced with pre calculus. Calculus is another branch of mathematics which is introduced just before 12th standard starts. This branch of math deals with two parts: Differentiation and Integration. If any composition is decomposed in various derivatives to elaborate it then that form of calculus is Differentiation and inverse process of combining those derivatives as a single composition is Integration. Pre calculus includes some math queries where calculus basics are used to simplify them. Content of Pre calculus includes Limits of sequences, series, continuity, end behavior, asymptotes, limits, Regression, Law of Sines/Cosines, area formulas, Parametric/rectangular forms of functions, Vectors, Even/odd functions, significant values, Functions and operations, Conic sections- applications and Sequences and series. Most of the pre calculus applications are related to linear shaped or we can say geometrical presentations because the functions which are finally described as the result of pre calculus problems represent any linear shape on the 2D plane.

After getting introduced with pre calculus students immediately has to raise their bar for solving upper level calculus problems which are included in next unit. Major topics of calculus are Continuity of a function, Chain rule, Rolle's theorem, mean value theorem, and L'Hopital's rule, Maxima, minima, inflection points, intervals, Newton's method (approximating the zeros of a function), Riemann sums, Techniques of integration, Simpson's rule, Newton's method and Power series, Taylor series/polynomials. This is not the end of calculus part in Grade XI. The above one's are the applications which students has to go through with but to solve problems based on that applications some linear calculus fundamentals like Intermediate value calculation , extreme value theorem, Derivatives, differentiability and Derivatives of functions has to be learned.

Grade XI syllabus is a vast one amongst other classes because it includes very much detailed interpretation of every mathematics branch. The next unit of Grade XI math is covered by Statistics. This branch is always being a non comfortable part of math for students because of term Probability in it. Students have to deal with headache of probability queries here also. In this very well categorized syllabus Statistics is partitioned in two continuous units, the first unit includes the general and standard principles implication of probability with additive clause of conditional probability whereas the second unit comprises of application of probability. For making students well understood of probability they are forced to go through topics like Types of events, Measures of central tendency/dispersion, quartiles, interquartile, Permutations and combinations, Methods of data representation, Statistical experiments and Correlation and causation. After completion of Statistics first unit session every student gets much potential to use predefined theorems in various probability based applications like Standard deviation, Central limit theorem, P-value for a statistic and Chi-square distribution/test.

Now there are three more units remaining which covers Geometry, Trigonometry and Advanced Trigonometry. Let us begin with Geometry part, every student likes to solve geometry queries because their process of solving is being on the fixed size. There are not such moderation occurring in solving techniques but still one problem is there and that is time consumptions to solve and then draw the result. To make your mind alert this session of math includes problems based on Logical reasoning and conditional statements. Every time when there is submission of any standard principle or formula then its related problem beings the important topic similarly Geometry part also have some topics like Euclidean/non-Euclidean geometry, Pythagorean Theorem, Congruence, similarity, triangle inequality theorem, Coordinate geometry, Properties of inscribed/circumscribed polygons of circles, Rotations, translations, reflections, isosceles triangle theorem; polyhedra and Compound loci in the coordinate plane.

Now its time to let you know what is your last step to finish off Grade XI math, Trigonometry. Initially to make students comfortable with this branch, standard problems are introduced like trigonometric functions, Formulas for sines and cosines and Polar/rectangular coordinates. Now when students are well known about types of problems with which they have to deal, the real level of Trigonometry problems begin with problems on complex numbers in polar form, De Moivre's theorem, Inverse trigonometric functions and Area of triangle (one angle and 2 adjacent sides).

While studying any of the part of Grade XI math, students need to make sure that problem is well understood to him if any sort of problem occurs then students can use the immediate assistance provided by Online math tutoring websites with the help of expert math tutors. These Online education providers arrange the whole Grade XI syllabus in pretty moderate way where daily scheduled lesson sessions are arranged on students demand. These services are being highly reliable because of their 24 x 7 hours service.

In upcoming posts we will discuss about Linear Equations in XI Grade and Properties of inscribed and circumscribed polygons of circles. Visit our website for information on West Bengal class 12 syllabus

Tuesday, 29 November 2011

Linear Functions in 11th Grade

Friends! Today in this article we will discuss some important aspects of mathematics which are merely required for any 11th class students. The importance of 11th standard is raised because after this students have to go through board examinations which will actually decide the direction of their career. The major part of the grade XI math is covered by Algebra problems and linear equations are the must required term to solve various algebra queries or you can take help of algebra problem solver.

The 11th standard is the last stage where students finally execute the algebra problems and after that in grade XII, algebra works as a tool to solve other complex queries like matrices and determinants.

Let us first start with the role of linear equations in mathematics, as every student is aware of presentation and formation of linear equation but the point which makes this term essential while solving other complex problems is as “Every predefined formula or principle which students study and then apply to solve other queries, is made by doing the analysis of assumed principles on linear equation”. In earlier classes students learn various forms of mathematical equations which are in linear form that’s why their simplification gets easy because of direct implementation of standard formulas. But when students come into 11th standard, the queries include mathematical Algebraic Equations which are not in linear form. So the first thing which students need to do with those problems is their conversion from non-linear to linear form. This process is called Normalization. For implementing Normalization, students should know the actual standard form of that particular equation. Let us take an example of any mathematical equation and elaborate the whole concept for better understanding:

Suppose an equation is as: x2 + 2 = y2
The above equation is of 2-order whose standard linear form is as
Ax2 + By2 = C
So A= 1, B = 1 and C= 2 , equation already includes all the linear derivatives but it has to be written in arranged order as:

x2 + y2 = 2

If the given equation is as x2 + 2 = 0 then how will be the comparison done. In that case the equation is assumed to be as:

x2 +(0) y2 + 2 = 0
means here A = 1, B = 0 and C = 2

Students have to memorize all the predefined standard forms of mathematical equations because to implement graphing, the given problem should be in its standard form.
Now let us come to today’s main topic which is Graphing Linear functions, for performing the graphing process the first thing which need to be implemented is what we have talked above, the recognition of standard form of linear equation. When the problem is being converted into its linear form then the real work is started for graphing. Students need to find some essential terms which are as:
Intercepts, slope of the line, and a linear function.

A linear function is the presentation of any equation which includes the y intercept and slope of the line as:

y = mx + b
Here 'm' and 'b' are real integer coefficients which are being determined by the properties of the equation line and x, y are the numerical values which actually provides the required solution of the problem.

While moving through the graphing phenomenon we observe following essential points:

• The slope of the line will always equal m.
• The slope is defined as m = (y2 – y1)/(x2 – x1) for any two points on the line.
• The point (0, b) will always be the y-intercept.

Intercept of any line is the point at which the line of the equation or any function actually intersects the graphs. When we need to do graphing of any linear equation in 2D plane then only x and y intercepts are required. At the point of x intercept, the line intersects at x axis so all the y points are zero similarly when Y intercepts than all the x points of equation are zero.

The value of slope can be negative , so if it does then students can interpret the line in two ways:

• m = -(A/B) = (-A)/B which indicates that you move down A units and then right
B units.
• m = -(A/B) = A/(-B) it means that line move up A units first and then left B units.

Slope of the line is basically defined as the rise and run ratio, rise means how far a line moves from a point in y axis direction whereas run means how far line moves in x direction from one point to another.

Example: Calculate the slope of the line that passing through (4,-1) and (2, -2). Then use
this slope to help graph this line.
The slope is given by m = (y2 – y1)/(x2 – x1). So we substitute in our values to get

m = -2 – (-1)/ ( 2 – 4) = (-2 + 1)/ -2 = -1/ -2 = ½

Slope of the line is equal to the tangent of the line so if slope of the line is ½ then it can be written as:
tan a= ½ = m
a = tan -1 (1/2)
here 'a' is the angle at which the line is being aligned with x- axis.

This is how students can elaborate the slope of the line by using the endpoints of the line but now if we have value of slope of the line rather then endpoints of the line then for determining the equation of the line we use the following way:
The equation of a line that passes through (x1, y1) points and has slope m is given by:
m(x – x1) = y – y1
here (x, y) is any point which lies on the line and (x1, y1) is a specific point given already.

To explain the execution of this principle let us take another example:
Example: evaluate the equation of the line with slope m = 3 that passes through point (4, -1).
Then, write this equation in standard slope-intercept form.
First substitute m = 3 and x1= 4, y1= -1 into formula
m(x – x1) = y – y1 to get following
3(x – 4) = y - (-1)
This form is further simplifies as
3(x – 4) = y + 1
Now, to write this in slope-intercept form, we have to solve this equation for y.
and for this first distributive property is implemented as
3x – 12 = y + 1
Now, use the Addition Property of Equality to add (–1) to both sides to get
3x – 13 = y or y = 3x –13.

Note: You can quickly check your answer by verifying that the slope of this equation (m=3) matches the given slope (m=3) or not and also by substituting the given point (4,-1) into y = 3x - 13
to get
–1= (3 X 4 )– 13 and verify that it is a solution.

That’s how the required terms like intercepts and Slope of the line are evaluated. There is one more suitable way to perform graphing of any mathematical equation in a quick while, that is Graphing calculator. It is an Online math calculator which is available on various online math tutoring websites and only runs on Javascript supported Internet Browser. When students prefer the online math service to take the required help in solving math problems then online tutors provides some more online calculators to students by which they get the solution in short time in comparison of manual solving. The point which makes these tools more important is the optimized way which is used by online calculators to solve the complex math queries in quick time.

Graphing of mathematical equations is a vast topic in math because there are various kinds of math equations and each equation has different graphing function. So to learn more and everything in much detailed manner, students can rely on the most reliable platform for extra tuitions which is Online math Tutoring Websites.

Along with implementation of moderate ways for giving lessons these online educational services get success because of 24 x 7 hours availability. Students are also being satisfied of lesson sessions given by online tutors because these service providers have much strong and capable bench strength of highly skilled online math tutors categorized according to various grades tutors.

Everyone knows that students are not much comfortable with long scheduled learning lessons that’s why online tutoring services has managed short lessons in a continuous manner and students has the authority to review any lesson as many times they want. After explaining the fundamentals in lessons, tutor provides various worksheets to students and by solving related queries students mind get clear in respect of that particular topic.

These online tutoring services have that legal certification which makes it a trusted way to go through with. This is required because we all know that Internet is the platform to develop and execute moderate cause but because of this cyber crime is also growing.

In upcoming posts we will discuss about Syllabus of Grade XI and Understand Pythagorean triples. Visit our website for information on Gujarat secondary education board